无阻塞插座

在Java中实现非阻塞套接字的最佳方法是什么?

还是有这样的事情?我有一个通过套接字与服务器通信的程序,但我不希望套接字调用阻止/导致延迟,如果数据/连接出现问题。


答案 1

Java 2 标准版 1.4 中引入的 Java 非阻塞套接字允许应用程序之间的网络通信,而不会阻塞使用套接字的进程。但是,什么是非阻塞套接字,它在哪些上下文中可能有用,以及它是如何工作的?

什么是非阻塞套接字?

非阻塞套接字允许在通道上进行 I/O 操作,而不会阻塞使用它的进程。这意味着,我们可以使用单个线程来处理多个并发连接,并获得“异步高性能”读/写操作(有些人可能不同意这一点)

好吧,在什么情况下它可能是有用的?

假设您要实现一个接受各种客户端连接的服务器。假设您还希望服务器能够同时处理多个请求。使用传统方式,您有两种选择来开发这样的服务器:

  • 实现一个手动处理每个连接的线程的多线程服务器。
  • 使用外部第三方模块。

这两种解决方案都有效,但是采用第一个解决方案时,您必须开发整个线程管理解决方案,并伴有相关的并发和冲突问题。第二种解决方案使应用程序依赖于非JDK外部模块,并且可能您必须使库适应您的需要。通过非阻塞套接字,您可以实现非阻塞服务器,而无需直接管理线程或求助于外部模块。

它是如何工作的?

在详细介绍之前,您需要了解几个术语:

  • 在基于NIO的实现中,我们不是将数据写入输出流并从输入流读取数据,而是从缓冲区读取和写入数据。缓冲区可以定义为临时存储。
  • 通道将大量数据传入和传出缓冲区。此外,它可以被视为通信的端点。
  • 准备情况选择是一个概念,指的是“选择在读取或写入数据时不会阻塞的套接字的能力”。

Java NIO有一个名为类,允许单个线程检查多个通道上的I / O事件。这怎么可能?好吧,可以检查通道的“就绪情况”,例如客户端尝试连接或读/写操作等事件。也就是说,每个实例都可以监视更多的套接字通道,从而监视更多的连接。现在,当通道上发生某些事情(发生事件)时,会通知应用程序处理请求。通过创建事件键(或选择键)来实现此目的,这些事件键是类的实例。每个都包含有关谁在发出请求以及请求类型的信息,如图 1 所示。SelectorselectorSelectorselectorselectorSelectionKeykey

Figure 1: Structure diagram 图1:结构图

基本实现

服务器实现由无限循环组成,在该循环中等待事件并创建事件键。密钥有四种可能的类型:selector

  • 可接受:关联的客户端请求连接。
  • 可连接:服务器接受连接。
  • 可读:服务器可以读取。
  • 可写:服务器可以写。

通常在服务器端创建密钥。实际上,这种键只是通知服务器客户端需要连接,然后服务器将套接字通道个性化,并将其与选择器相关联以进行读/写操作。在此之后,当接受的客户端读取或写入某些内容时,选择器将为该客户端创建或密钥。acceptablereadablewriteable

现在,您已准备好按照建议的算法用 Java 编写服务器。套接字通道、和套接字选择器注册的创建可以通过以下方式进行:selector

final String HOSTNAME = "127.0.0.1";
final int PORT = 8511;

// This is how you open a ServerSocketChannel
serverChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();
// You MUST configure as non-blocking or else you cannot register the serverChannel to the Selector.
serverChannel.configureBlocking(false);
// bind to the address that you will use to Serve.
serverChannel.socket().bind(new InetSocketAddress(HOSTNAME, PORT));

// This is how you open a Selector
selector = Selector.open();
/*
 * Here you are registering the serverSocketChannel to accept connection, thus the OP_ACCEPT.
 * This means that you just told your selector that this channel will be used to accept connections.
 * We can change this operation later to read/write, more on this later.
 */
serverChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);

首先,我们创建一个 with 方法的实例。接下来,调用将其设置为非阻塞。通过方法与服务器建立连接。表示服务器的 IP 地址,并且是通信端口。最后,调用方法来创建实例并将其注册到 和 注册类型。在此示例中,注册类型为 ,这意味着选择器仅报告客户端尝试连接到服务器。其他可能的选项包括: ,客户端将使用; ;和。SocketChannelServerSocketChannel.open()configureBlocking(false)channelserverChannel.socket().bind()HOSTNAMEPORTSelector.open()selectorchannelOP_ACCEPTOP_CONNECTOP_READOP_WRITE

现在我们需要使用无限循环来处理此请求。一个简单的方法是:

// Run the server as long as the thread is not interrupted.
while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {
    /*
     * selector.select(TIMEOUT) is waiting for an OPERATION to be ready and is a blocking call.
     * For example, if a client connects right this second, then it will break from the select()
     * call and run the code below it. The TIMEOUT is not needed, but its just so it doesn't
     * block undefinable.
     */
    selector.select(TIMEOUT);

    /*
     * If we are here, it is because an operation happened (or the TIMEOUT expired).
     * We need to get the SelectionKeys from the selector to see what operations are available.
     * We use an iterator for this.
     */
    Iterator<SelectionKey> keys = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();

    while (keys.hasNext()) {
        SelectionKey key = keys.next();
        // remove the key so that we don't process this OPERATION again.
        keys.remove();

        // key could be invalid if for example, the client closed the connection.
        if (!key.isValid()) {
            continue;
        }
        /*
         * In the server, we start by listening to the OP_ACCEPT when we register with the Selector.
         * If the key from the keyset is Acceptable, then we must get ready to accept the client
         * connection and do something with it. Go read the comments in the accept method.
         */
        if (key.isAcceptable()) {
            System.out.println("Accepting connection");
            accept(key);
        }
        /*
         * If you already read the comments in the accept() method, then you know we changed
         * the OPERATION to OP_WRITE. This means that one of these keys in the iterator will return
         * a channel that is writable (key.isWritable()). The write() method will explain further.
         */
        if (key.isWritable()) {
            System.out.println("Writing...");
            write(key);
        }
        /*
         * If you already read the comments in the write method then you understand that we registered
         * the OPERATION OP_READ. That means that on the next Selector.select(), there is probably a key
         * that is ready to read (key.isReadable()). The read() method will explain further.
         */
        if (key.isReadable()) {
            System.out.println("Reading connection");
            read(key);
        }
    }
}

您可以在此处找到实现源

注: 异步服务器

作为非阻塞实现的替代方法,我们可以部署异步服务器。例如,您可以使用该类,它为面向流的侦听套接字提供异步通道。AsynchronousServerSocketChannel

若要使用它,请首先执行其静态方法,然后将其执行到特定端口。接下来,您将执行其方法,向其传递一个实现接口的类。大多数情况下,您会发现该处理程序是作为匿名内部类创建的。open()bind()accept()CompletionHandler

从此对象中,您可以调用以告诉它开始侦听连接,并向其传递一个自定义实例。当我们调用时,它会立即返回。请注意,这与传统的阻止方法不同;而该方法在客户端连接到它之前被阻止,该方法将为您处理它。AsynchronousServerSocketChannelaccept()CompletionHandleraccept()accept()AsynchronousServerSocketChannelaccept()

这里有一个例子:

public class NioSocketServer
{
    public NioSocketServer()
    {
        try {
            // Create an AsynchronousServerSocketChannel that will listen on port 5000
            final AsynchronousServerSocketChannel listener = AsynchronousServerSocketChannel
                    .open()
                    .bind(new InetSocketAddress(5000));

            // Listen for a new request
            listener.accept(null, new CompletionHandler<AsynchronousSocketChannel, Void>()
            {
                @Override
                public void completed(AsynchronousSocketChannel ch, Void att)
                {
                    // Accept the next connection
                    listener.accept(null, this);

                    // Greet the client
                    ch.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("Hello, I am Echo Server 2020, let's have an engaging conversation!\n".getBytes()));

                    // Allocate a byte buffer (4K) to read from the client
                    ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(4096);
                    try {
                        // Read the first line
                        int bytesRead = ch.read(byteBuffer).get(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

                        boolean running = true;
                        while (bytesRead != -1 && running) {
                            System.out.println("bytes read: " + bytesRead);

                            // Make sure that we have data to read
                            if (byteBuffer.position() > 2) {
                                // Make the buffer ready to read
                                byteBuffer.flip();

                                // Convert the buffer into a line
                                byte[] lineBytes = new byte[bytesRead];
                                byteBuffer.get(lineBytes, 0, bytesRead);
                                String line = new String(lineBytes);

                                // Debug
                                System.out.println("Message: " + line);

                                // Echo back to the caller
                                ch.write(ByteBuffer.wrap(line.getBytes()));

                                // Make the buffer ready to write
                                byteBuffer.clear();

                                // Read the next line
                                bytesRead = ch.read(byteBuffer).get(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
                            } else {
                                // An empty line signifies the end of the conversation in our protocol
                                running = false;
                            }
                        }
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    } catch (TimeoutException e) {
                        // The user exceeded the 20 second timeout, so close the connection
                        ch.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("Good Bye\n".getBytes()));
                        System.out.println("Connection timed out, closing connection");
                    }

                    System.out.println("End of conversation");
                    try {
                        // Close the connection if we need to
                        if (ch.isOpen()) {
                            ch.close();
                        }
                    } catch (I/OException e1)
                    {
                        e1.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }

                @Override
                public void failed(Throwable exc, Void att)
                {
                    ///...
                }
            });
        } catch (I/OException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        NioSocketServer server = new NioSocketServer();
        try {
            Thread.sleep(60000);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

您可以在此处找到完整代码


答案 2

在Java中实现非阻塞套接字的最佳方法是什么?

只有一种方法。.SocketChannel.configureBlocking(false)

请注意,其中一些答案不正确。SocketChannel.configureBlocking(false) 将其置于非阻塞模式。你不需要这样做。您只需要 实现 超时或具有非阻塞套接字的多路复用 I/O。SelectorSelector


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