JavaScript 中的“new”关键字是什么?

2022-08-29 21:54:33

JavaScript中的关键字在第一次遇到时可能会非常混乱,因为人们倾向于认为JavaScript不是一种面向对象的编程语言。new

  • 这是什么?
  • 它解决了什么问题?
  • 什么时候合适,什么时候不合适?

答案 1

它做5件事:

  1. 它将创建一个新对象。此对象的类型只是对象
  2. 它将此新对象的内部不可访问 [[原型]](即 __proto__)属性设置为构造函数的外部可访问原型对象(每个函数对象自动具有原型属性)。
  3. 它使变量指向新创建的对象。this
  4. 它执行构造函数,每当提到新创建的对象时。this
  5. 它返回新创建的对象,除非构造函数返回非对象引用。在这种情况下,将改为返回该对象引用。null

注意:构造函数是指关键字后面的函数,如new

new ConstructorFunction(arg1, arg2)

完成此操作后,如果请求新对象的未定义属性,脚本将改为检查对象的 [[prototype]] 对象的属性。这就是如何在JavaScript中获得类似于传统类继承的东西。

最困难的部分是第2点。每个对象(包括函数)都有一个名为 [[prototype]] 的内部属性。它只能在对象创建时设置,可以使用newObject.create或基于文本(函数默认为Function.prototype,数字为Number.prototype等)。它只能用 Object.getPrototypeOf(someObject) 读取没有其他方法可以设置或读取此值。

除了隐藏的 [[prototype]] 属性之外,函数还具有一个名为 prototype 的属性,您可以访问和修改它,以便为您创建的对象提供继承的属性和方法。


下面是一个示例:

ObjMaker = function() {this.a = 'first';};
// ObjMaker is just a function, there's nothing special about it that makes 
// it a constructor.

ObjMaker.prototype.b = 'second';
// like all functions, ObjMaker has an accessible prototype property that 
// we can alter. I just added a property called 'b' to it. Like 
// all objects, ObjMaker also has an inaccessible [[prototype]] property
// that we can't do anything with

obj1 = new ObjMaker();
// 3 things just happened.
// A new, empty object was created called obj1.  At first obj1 was the same
// as {}. The [[prototype]] property of obj1 was then set to the current
// object value of the ObjMaker.prototype (if ObjMaker.prototype is later
// assigned a new object value, obj1's [[prototype]] will not change, but you
// can alter the properties of ObjMaker.prototype to add to both the
// prototype and [[prototype]]). The ObjMaker function was executed, with
// obj1 in place of this... so obj1.a was set to 'first'.

obj1.a;
// returns 'first'
obj1.b;
// obj1 doesn't have a property called 'b', so JavaScript checks 
// its [[prototype]]. Its [[prototype]] is the same as ObjMaker.prototype
// ObjMaker.prototype has a property called 'b' with value 'second'
// returns 'second'

这就像类继承一样,因为现在,您使用的任何对象也似乎继承了“b”属性。new ObjMaker()

如果你想要类似子类的东西,那么你可以这样做:

SubObjMaker = function () {};
SubObjMaker.prototype = new ObjMaker(); // note: this pattern is deprecated!
// Because we used 'new', the [[prototype]] property of SubObjMaker.prototype
// is now set to the object value of ObjMaker.prototype.
// The modern way to do this is with Object.create(), which was added in ECMAScript 5:
// SubObjMaker.prototype = Object.create(ObjMaker.prototype);

SubObjMaker.prototype.c = 'third';  
obj2 = new SubObjMaker();
// [[prototype]] property of obj2 is now set to SubObjMaker.prototype
// Remember that the [[prototype]] property of SubObjMaker.prototype
// is ObjMaker.prototype. So now obj2 has a prototype chain!
// obj2 ---> SubObjMaker.prototype ---> ObjMaker.prototype

obj2.c;
// returns 'third', from SubObjMaker.prototype

obj2.b;
// returns 'second', from ObjMaker.prototype

obj2.a;
// returns 'first', from SubObjMaker.prototype, because SubObjMaker.prototype 
// was created with the ObjMaker function, which assigned a for us

在最终找到这个页面之前,我阅读了大量关于这个主题的垃圾,其中用漂亮的图表很好地解释了这一点。


答案 2

假设您有这个函数:

var Foo = function(){
  this.A = 1;
  this.B = 2;
};

如果您像这样将其作为独立函数调用:

Foo();

执行此函数将向对象添加两个属性 ( 和 )。它将其添加到因为是像这样执行函数时调用函数的对象,并且在函数中是调用函数的对象。至少在Javascript中。windowABwindowwindowthis

现在,用这样的名称来称呼它:new

var bar = new Foo();

当您添加到函数调用时,将创建一个新对象(只是 ),并且函数内指向您刚刚创建的新对象,而不是调用该函数的对象。因此,现在是一个具有属性和 的对象。任何函数都可以是构造函数,它只是并不总是有意义的。newvar bar = new Object()thisObjectbarAB