为什么 HashSet.removeAll 需要二次操作？

我有这个代码来生成一个并调用它。我创建了一个类，它只是一个int的包装器，它记录了调用的次数 - 程序输出该数字。HashSetremoveAll()Aequals

import java.util.*;

class A {
    int x;
    static int equalsCalls;

    A(int x) {
        this.x = x;
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return x;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        equalsCalls++;
        if (!(o instanceof A)) return false;
        return x == ((A)o).x;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int setSize = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
        int listSize = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
        Set<A> s = new HashSet<A>();
        for (int i = 0; i < setSize; i ++)
            s.add(new A(i));
        List<A> l = new LinkedList<A>();
        for (int i = 0; i < listSize; i++)
            l.add(new A(i));
        s.removeAll(l);
        System.out.println(A.equalsCalls);
    }
}

事实证明，该操作并不像我预期的那样是线性的：removeAll

$ java A 10 10
55
$ java A 100 100
5050
$ java A 1000 1000
500500

事实上，它似乎是二次的。为什么？

用修复替换该行可以按照我期望的方式运行：s.removeAll(l);for (A b : l) s.remove(b);

$ java A 10 10
10
$ java A 100 100
100
$ java A 1000 1000
1000

为什么？

这是一个显示二次曲线的图表：

x 轴和 y 轴是 Java 程序的两个参数。z 轴是呼叫数。A.equals

该图由此渐近线程序生成：

import graph3;
import grid3;
import palette;

currentprojection=orthographic(0.8,1,1);

size(400,300,IgnoreAspect);

defaultrender.merge=true;

real[][] a = new real[][]{
  new real[]{0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
  new real[]{0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1},
  new real[]{0,1,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3},
  new real[]{0,1,2,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,28,28,28,28,28,28,28,28,28,28,28,28,28,28},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,36,36,36,36,36,36,36,36,36,36,36,36,36},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,45,45,45,45,45,45,45,45,45,45,45,45},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,55,55,55,55,55,55,55,55,55,55,55},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,66,66,66,66,66,66,66,66,66,66},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,78,78,78,78,78,78,78,78,78},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,91,91,91,91,91,91,91,91},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,105,105,105,105,105,105,105},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,120,120,120,120,120,120},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,136,136,136,136,136},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,153,153,153,153},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,171,171,171},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,190,190},
  new real[]{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,210},
};


surface s=surface(a,(-1/2,-1/2),(1/2,1/2),Spline);
draw(s,mean(palette(s.map(zpart),Rainbow())),black);
//grid3(XYZgrid);

该数组由以下 Haskell 程序生成：a

import System.Process
import Data.List

f :: Integer -> Integer -> IO Integer
f x y = fmap read $ readProcess "/usr/bin/java" ["A", show x, show y] ""

g :: [[Integer]] -> [String]
g xss = map (\xs -> "new real[]{" ++ intercalate "," (map show xs) ++ "},") xss

main = do
  let n = 20
  xs <- mapM (\x -> mapM (\y -> f x y) [0..n]) [0..n]
  putStrLn $ unlines $ g xs