用于 Java 的快速超越/三角函数

哈特的计算机近似值。将一堆不同精度的函数的切比雪夫经济近似公式制成表格。

编辑：把我的副本从书架上拿下来，原来是一本不同的书，听起来非常相似。下面是一个使用其表的 sin 函数。（在C中测试，因为这对我来说更方便。我不知道这是否会比Java内置的更快，但它肯定会不那么准确，至少。:)您可能需要先减小参数的范围;请参阅约翰·库克的建议。这本书还有arcsin和arctan。

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

// Return an approx to sin(pi/2 * x) where -1 <= x <= 1.
// In that range it has a max absolute error of 5e-9
// according to Hastings, Approximations For Digital Computers.
static double xsin (double x) {
  double x2 = x * x;
  return ((((.00015148419 * x2
             - .00467376557) * x2
            + .07968967928) * x2
           - .64596371106) * x2
          + 1.57079631847) * x;
}

int main () {
  double pi = 4 * atan (1);
  printf ("%.10f\n", xsin (0.77));
  printf ("%.10f\n", sin (0.77 * (pi/2)));
  return 0;
}

下面是用于快速近似 trig 函数的低级技巧的集合。C语言中有一些示例代码，我发现很难遵循，但是这些技术在Java中同样容易实现。

这是我在Java中对invsqrt和atan2的等效实现。

我本可以为其他trig函数做类似的事情，但我发现没有必要，因为分析表明只有sqrt和atan/atan2是主要的瓶颈。

public class FastTrig
{
  /** Fast approximation of 1.0 / sqrt(x).
   * See <a href="http://www.beyond3d.com/content/articles/8/">http://www.beyond3d.com/content/articles/8/</a>
   * @param x Positive value to estimate inverse of square root of
   * @return Approximately 1.0 / sqrt(x)
   **/
  public static double
  invSqrt(double x)
  {
    double xhalf = 0.5 * x; 
    long i = Double.doubleToRawLongBits(x);
    i = 0x5FE6EB50C7B537AAL - (i>>1); 
    x = Double.longBitsToDouble(i);
    x = x * (1.5 - xhalf*x*x); 
    return x; 
  }

  /** Approximation of arctangent.
   *  Slightly faster and substantially less accurate than
   *  {@link Math#atan2(double, double)}.
   **/
  public static double fast_atan2(double y, double x)
  {
    double d2 = x*x + y*y;

    // Bail out if d2 is NaN, zero or subnormal
    if (Double.isNaN(d2) ||
        (Double.doubleToRawLongBits(d2) < 0x10000000000000L))
    {
      return Double.NaN;
    }

    // Normalise such that 0.0 <= y <= x
    boolean negY = y < 0.0;
    if (negY) {y = -y;}
    boolean negX = x < 0.0;
    if (negX) {x = -x;}
    boolean steep = y > x;
    if (steep)
    {
      double t = x;
      x = y;
      y = t;
    }

    // Scale to unit circle (0.0 <= y <= x <= 1.0)
    double rinv = invSqrt(d2); // rinv ≅ 1.0 / hypot(x, y)
    x *= rinv; // x ≅ cos θ
    y *= rinv; // y ≅ sin θ, hence θ ≅ asin y

    // Hack: we want: ind = floor(y * 256)
    // We deliberately force truncation by adding floating-point numbers whose
    // exponents differ greatly.  The FPU will right-shift y to match exponents,
    // dropping all but the first 9 significant bits, which become the 9 LSBs
    // of the resulting mantissa.
    // Inspired by a similar piece of C code at
    // http://www.shellandslate.com/computermath101.html
    double yp = FRAC_BIAS + y;
    int ind = (int) Double.doubleToRawLongBits(yp);

    // Find φ (a first approximation of θ) from the LUT
    double φ = ASIN_TAB[ind];
    double cφ = COS_TAB[ind]; // cos(φ)

    // sin(φ) == ind / 256.0
    // Note that sφ is truncated, hence not identical to y.
    double sφ = yp - FRAC_BIAS;
    double sd = y * cφ - x * sφ; // sin(θ-φ) ≡ sinθ cosφ - cosθ sinφ

    // asin(sd) ≅ sd + ⅙sd³ (from first 2 terms of Maclaurin series)
    double d = (6.0 + sd * sd) * sd * ONE_SIXTH;
    double θ = φ + d;

    // Translate back to correct octant
    if (steep) { θ = Math.PI * 0.5 - θ; }
    if (negX) { θ = Math.PI - θ; }
    if (negY) { θ = -θ; }

    return θ;
  }

  private static final double ONE_SIXTH = 1.0 / 6.0;
  private static final int FRAC_EXP = 8; // LUT precision == 2 ** -8 == 1/256
  private static final int LUT_SIZE = (1 << FRAC_EXP) + 1;
  private static final double FRAC_BIAS =
    Double.longBitsToDouble((0x433L - FRAC_EXP) << 52);
  private static final double[] ASIN_TAB = new double[LUT_SIZE];
  private static final double[] COS_TAB = new double[LUT_SIZE];

  static
  {
    /* Populate trig tables */
    for (int ind = 0; ind < LUT_SIZE; ++ ind)
    {
      double v = ind / (double) (1 << FRAC_EXP);
      double asinv = Math.asin(v);
      COS_TAB[ind] = Math.cos(asinv);
      ASIN_TAB[ind] = asinv;
    }
  }
}