如何克隆列表,使其在分配后不会意外更改?

2022-09-05 00:44:52

使用 时,每次都会对更改进行任何修改。为什么会这样,我该如何克隆或复制列表以防止它?new_list = my_listnew_listmy_list


答案 1

new_list = my_list实际上不会创建第二个列表。分配只是将引用复制到列表,而不是实际列表,因此两者都在分配后引用同一列表。new_listmy_list

要实际复制列表,您有几种选择:

  • 您可以使用内置的list.copy()方法(自Python 3.3起可用):

    new_list = old_list.copy()
    
  • 您可以将其切片:

    new_list = old_list[:]
    

    Alex Martelli对此的看法(至少在2007年是这样)是,这是一种奇怪的语法,使用它没有任何意义。;)(在他看来,下一个更具可读性)。

  • 您可以使用内置的 list() 构造函数:

    new_list = list(old_list)
    
  • 您可以使用通用的 copy.copy()

    import copy
    new_list = copy.copy(old_list)
    

    这比因为它必须首先找出数据类型要慢一些。list()old_list

  • 如果还需要复制列表的元素,请使用 generic copy.deepcopy()

    import copy
    new_list = copy.deepcopy(old_list)
    

    显然是最慢和最需要内存的方法,但有时是不可避免的。这是递归的;它将处理任意数量的嵌套列表(或其他容器)级别。

例:

import copy

class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self, val):
         self.val = val

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'Foo({self.val!r})'

foo = Foo(1)

a = ['foo', foo]
b = a.copy()
c = a[:]
d = list(a)
e = copy.copy(a)
f = copy.deepcopy(a)

# edit orignal list and instance 
a.append('baz')
foo.val = 5

print(f'original: {a}\nlist.copy(): {b}\nslice: {c}\nlist(): {d}\ncopy: {e}\ndeepcopy: {f}')

结果:

original: ['foo', Foo(5), 'baz']
list.copy(): ['foo', Foo(5)]
slice: ['foo', Foo(5)]
list(): ['foo', Foo(5)]
copy: ['foo', Foo(5)]
deepcopy: ['foo', Foo(1)]

答案 2

Felix已经提供了一个很好的答案,但我想我会对各种方法进行速度比较:

  1. 10.59秒(105.9微秒/itn) - 复印.深度复印(old_list)
  2. 10.16 秒 (101.6 μs/itn) - 纯 Python 方法复制类与深度复制Copy()
  3. 1.488秒(14.88 μs/itn) - 纯Python方法不复制类(仅字典/列表/元组)Copy()
  4. 0.325秒(3.25微秒/次)-for item in old_list: new_list.append(item)
  5. 0.217秒(2.17 μs/itn)-(列表理解[i for i in old_list])
  6. 0.186秒(1.86微秒/itn) - 复制(old_list)
  7. 0.075秒(0.75微秒/次)-list(old_list)
  8. 0.053秒(0.53微秒/次)-new_list = []; new_list.extend(old_list)
  9. 0.039秒(0.39 μs/itn)- (列表切片)old_list[:])

所以最快的是列表切片。但请注意,与 python 版本不同,和 和 不会复制列表中的任何列表、字典和类实例,因此,如果原始文件发生更改,它们也会在复制的列表中更改,反之亦然。copy.copy()list[:]list(list)copy.deepcopy()

(如果有人感兴趣或想提出任何问题,这里是脚本:)

from copy import deepcopy

class old_class:
    def __init__(self):
        self.blah = 'blah'

class new_class(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.blah = 'blah'

dignore = {str: None, unicode: None, int: None, type(None): None}

def Copy(obj, use_deepcopy=True):
    t = type(obj)

    if t in (list, tuple):
        if t == tuple:
            # Convert to a list if a tuple to
            # allow assigning to when copying
            is_tuple = True
            obj = list(obj)
        else:
            # Otherwise just do a quick slice copy
            obj = obj[:]
            is_tuple = False

        # Copy each item recursively
        for x in xrange(len(obj)):
            if type(obj[x]) in dignore:
                continue
            obj[x] = Copy(obj[x], use_deepcopy)

        if is_tuple:
            # Convert back into a tuple again
            obj = tuple(obj)

    elif t == dict:
        # Use the fast shallow dict copy() method and copy any
        # values which aren't immutable (like lists, dicts etc)
        obj = obj.copy()
        for k in obj:
            if type(obj[k]) in dignore:
                continue
            obj[k] = Copy(obj[k], use_deepcopy)

    elif t in dignore:
        # Numeric or string/unicode?
        # It's immutable, so ignore it!
        pass

    elif use_deepcopy:
        obj = deepcopy(obj)
    return obj

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import copy
    from time import time

    num_times = 100000
    L = [None, 'blah', 1, 543.4532,
         ['foo'], ('bar',), {'blah': 'blah'},
         old_class(), new_class()]

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        Copy(L)
    print 'Custom Copy:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        Copy(L, use_deepcopy=False)
    print 'Custom Copy Only Copying Lists/Tuples/Dicts (no classes):', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        copy.copy(L)
    print 'copy.copy:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        copy.deepcopy(L)
    print 'copy.deepcopy:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        L[:]
    print 'list slicing [:]:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        list(L)
    print 'list(L):', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        [i for i in L]
    print 'list expression(L):', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        a = []
        a.extend(L)
    print 'list extend:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        a = []
        for y in L:
            a.append(y)
    print 'list append:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        a = []
        a.extend(i for i in L)
    print 'generator expression extend:', time()-t